Essay Beowulf Epic or Elegy - 763 Words

Writing Lab III Beowulf: Epic or Elegy? Beowulf is a poem written in manuscript form created in England sometime between the years 700 and 1000AD. The author is unknown to this day. Is Beowulf an epic poem or an elegy? An epic is â€Å"a long narrative poem in elevated style presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race† (Harmon and Holman 188). An elegy is â€Å"a sustained and formal poem setting forth meditations on death or another solemn theme† (Harmon and Holman 178). Beowulf has been considered to be both an epic and an elegy; an epic by some, and elegy by others. A†¦show more content†¦The many adventures take place in Denmark and Geatland. Beowulf first fights Grendel in Denmark unarmed and defeats him. While still in Denmark, Beowulf goes underwater to Grendel’s mother’s lair to defeat her. In Geatland, Beowulf encounters the dragon for a fight to the finish. Although he was victorious, he paid the ultimate price, that price being his life. Moments after being bitten on the neck by the dragon, he succumbed to death. Epic poems consist of heroes who complete deeds of valor or extraordinary courage. â€Å"The captain of evil discovered himself in a handgrip harder than anything he had ever encountered in any man on the face of the earth. Every bone in his body quailed and recoiled, but he could not escape† (Beowulf 749-753). This quote shows that Beowulf’s strength is so great that even a monster cannot escape from it. As I have said before, Beowulf is not afraid to die. He faces death fearless a nd bold and prepares himself for battle. Beowulf got ready, donned his war-gear, indifferent to death; his mighty, hand-forged, fine-webbed mail would soon meet with the menace underwater†¦ (Beowulf 1442-1445). In this quote, Beowulf is getting ready to meet Grendel’s mother in her underwater lair. Beowulf is ready and does not fear death. He would rather fight until he dies instead of giving up a fight. No other human being would even think to try to defeat Grendel, or even think about trying to defeat Grendel’s mother. In an epicShow MoreRelatedThe Epic of Beowulf is an Heroic Elegy Essay3261 Words   |  14 PagesBeowulf is an Heroic Elegy   Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy, a poem celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. This essay intends to show that the poem is an heroic elegy.    In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:      We must dismiss, of course, from mind the notion that Beowulf is a â€Å"narrativeRead More Is Beowulf an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative? Essay4711 Words   |  19 PagesIs Beowulf   an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative?      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy. Which is it. This essay intends to present both sides of the story.    Some great literary scholars think that the poem is an heroic elegy, celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:Read MoreAnalysis Of Grendel s The Elegy / Epic Of Beowulf 1840 Words   |  8 PagesIn England during 700 and 1000 A.D., religion play a key factor in the composition of various literature. The narrator of the elegy/epic of Beowulf hints at biblical references consistently. The protagonist that starts of the epic, Grendel, refers to as a descendant of Cain. His â€Å"monstrous† actions are often a direct reflection of the story of Cain and his brother found in Genesis chapter four. Although Grendel is known as a heinous monster, he is an embodiment of the faults of humans and a victimRead MoreComparison between Beowulf and The Wanderer1436 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Survey of English Literature / Comparison between Beowulf and the Wanderer 10th October, 2013 / Esma Bike BostancÄ ± BEOWULF AND THE WANDERER There are many factors to consider in comparing the two poems of the Old English society – Beowulf and The Wanderer. While they have many similarities; they have, within their structure and plot, many differences we can easily find or eventually make out. When we look at both the poems in terms of their genre; while they are both products of theRead MoreCharles Baudelaire And Victor Hugo976 Words   |  4 Pagesindependence and the progress of the romantic poetry lead to the modern stature of art. Elegies are poems defined on the thematic approach, generally lamenting a death of a loved one. In some languages, elegies hold a set pattern of metre rather than a thematical set up of the poem. For example, Duineser Elegien written in German talks about a spiritual plane and search for the meaning of life. In English Literature, elegies are generally dealt by the thematic approach but gives the freedom to allegoricallyRead MoreAnglo Saxon Values Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor works which are the epic Beowulf and the elegies â€Å"The Wanderer† and â€Å"The Seafarer†. The Anglo-Saxons valued their cultural values of loyalty, justness and bravery. Other major values are respected and shown throughout their works. The Anglo-Saxons have their own distinct values they admire that differ them from other groups. The Anglo-Saxons express their cultural value of loyalty throughout the epic Beowulf and the elegies â€Å"The Seafarer† and â€Å"The Wanderer†. Beowulf has loyalty towards hisRead MoreBeliefs In Beowulf : The Values Of Old English Literature904 Words   |  4 Pagescan be found in a number of instances across time, but none greater than the Anglo-Saxon period. Beowulf is just one example of how Anglo-Saxon literature contains many of their values and beliefs. This folk epic is known as one of the most important works of Old English literature for this reason. â€Å"The Wanderer† is considered most perfect in form and feeling of an Old English poem. As found in Beowulf, â€Å"The Seafarer†, and â€Å"The Wanderer†, the Anglo-Saxons valued and respected justice, valor, and loyaltyRead MoreThe Similarities Of Beowulf And Sense And Sensibility1345 Words   |  6 Pageshave similarities. At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibi lity, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, a poem mourning fallen warriors. Sense and SensibilityRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words   |  23 Pagestwo types: the Heroic, the sources of which are pre-Christian Germanic myth, history and custom; and the Christian. Heroic, or Epic Poetry belongs to one of these two types and refers to long narrative poems celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style. In its strict use by literary critics, the terms Heroic Poetry or Epic are applied to a work that meets the following criteria: such a poem must be related in an elevated style, and centered upon aRead More Beowulf Attacks the Dragon Essays1576 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Attacks the Dragon. Beowulf makes his final boast. He says that, even though he is old, he shall â€Å"still seek battle, perform a deed of fame† by killing the dragon. (Norton59) He doesnt know how to grapple with the dragon, like he did with Grendel, so he will use a sword and shield. He tells his men that the outcome will be â€Å"with us at the wall as fate allots, the ruler of every man.† (59) He tells them to let him fight the monster alone, â€Å"By my courage I will get gold, or

Essay on Journalistic Standards in the Matt Drudge Era

Journalistic Standards in the Matt Drudge Era Introduction Public trust is at the heart of journalism. Such trust is built upon the credibility journalistic efforts. In the past, though mistakes have been made by even the most reputable of news providers, credibility was maintained and public trust in the journalist industry was steady. However, with the Internet taking its first infant steps into the reporting world, concern is being vocalized that public trust in journalism will be damaged by mavericks, such as Matt Drudge, who, without any foundation in reporting seek to tell the entire world every little secret he can dig up. And he’s been wrong. This paper will examine the debate surrounding online journalism, including†¦show more content†¦For example, National Press Club president Doug Harbrecht, before the entire press club assembly in 1998, stated, â€Å"Matt, know this†¦there are many in this hallowed room who do not consider you a journalist.† Harbrecht also likened Drudge to a channel catfish, stating, â€Å"He mucks through the hoaxes, conspiracies and half-truths posted online in pursuit of fodder for his website.† â€Å"National media monitors such as Howard Kurtz and Judy Mann denounce Drudge as a ‘Cyberspace vacuum cleaner.’ Michael Kinsley, editor of Microsoft’s online magazine Slate, said Drudge has ‘certainly been a public relations problem for the Internet.’ Steven Brill called Drudge a ‘bust.’† (Miller) Baltimore Sun Washington correspondent Jules Witcover has referred to him as the â€Å"abomination† of the Internet. â€Å"I don’t consider him a journalist or a reporter,† said Witcover. â€Å"He’s a gossipmonger who offers no sources. He’s more like a magpie.† These opinions of Drudge seem to be widely held within the traditional journalist community. Drudge, 34, is a â€Å"self-styled cyberspace patriot who thrives on news scoops via ‘Drudge Report’, has found fame at a fast and furious pace.† (Webster) Drudge, who has no formal education in the practice of journalism, admits that he was a D-student in high school and never went to college. He worked in a 7-Eleven in the Washington

US History Free Essays

US history Free Essays The American nation has been formed out of allegiance to the patriotic feelings that often go unquestioned for the rank-and-file American and the inherent support for pluralism. Therefore, the US history was destined to include outbursts of intolerance and calls for conformity. These two driving forces of the US social development were evident at all times, and were present in the period between 1840 and the start of the Civil War that ultimately reshaped the political balance in the nation. We will write a custom essay sample on US history or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, intolerance was mounting, evidenced by the outbreak of the war, and efforts to conform were becoming increasingly rare in the North where people began to understand what evil they were facing. The major controversy in the period that has never been resolved and has finally led to the war that took the lives of approximately 600,000 or 700,000 Americans was the debate over slavery between the North and the South. In the more technologically and industrially developed northern states that did not rely so heavily on slave labor for the survival of their economy, abolitionists were calling for cancellation of slavery that tarnished their nation. However, the northern politicians, eager to prevent what later turned into an armed conflict, could not afford to break with their southern counterparts for that reason. In 1850, after the annexation of Mexican territories allowed the US to add Texas to its territory, the explosion of the debate over the expansion of slavery necessitated a new compromise that would replace the accord reached in the Missouri Compromise in 1818. The moderate political forces both in the North and the South pushed the nation towards the Compromise Measures of 1850. This agreement defined California as free soil and allowed other former Mexican territories to choose their fate. This compromise allowed a temporary respite in the vehement controversies plaguing the northern and the southern states. Among other things, this compromise admitted as a free state and set up territorial governments in the remainder of the Mexican cession with authority to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery or not. Moderates in both North and South hoped that the slavery question was settled, at least for a while. The measures included in the compromise of 1850 were challenged by the appearance of a literary work, however strange this may seem. Of all novels that influenced the course of history, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin published in 1851 was one of the most instrumental in the fight for human freedom. A terrifying description of the life of a black slave sought to reach the hearts of those who were still in the pro-slavery camp and strengthen the conviction of those opposing it. The book was denounced by the South where Stowe was labeled a â€Å"coarse, ugly, long-tongued woman† attempting to â€Å"awaken rancorous hatred and malignant jealousies† threatening the nation (Garraty, Carnes 2002: 370). On the contrary, in the North it gathered a lot of admirers and motivated quite a few to fight for abolition of slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin exacerbated the controversy between the North and the South. The next explosion of intolerance was caused by the Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced in 1854 by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. These two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, that were previously required to remain free soil, were now allowed to decide upon their own choice whether to permit slavery or not, under the doctrine of popular sovereignty. The act that was a footsy in the direction of slave-owners aimed at preserving the national unity raised a storm of protest on the part of the anti-slavery forces. The future US president Abraham Lincoln expressed his indignation over this act by saying that â€Å"the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused him as he had never been before† (MSN Encarta). The opponents of the extension of slavery refused to conform: to oppose the spread of this evil they formed the Republican Party that was meant to unite anti-slavery forces. Perhaps the most vivid example of a person who refused to conform to the norms of the then society was the raid of John Brown in Harpers Ferry, Virginia in which the armed people got hold of the federal armory and arsenal. The raiders were the people who used the military operation to vent their protest against slavery. There arose a real threat that his followers will enter the southern states and try to liberate slaves using armed force. Brown was executed, to later become a hero for the anti-slave North. One of the most efficient forms of protest against slave owning was the Underground Railroad, also known under the name of the Liberty Line, a network of people who helped Afro-Americans enslaved in the southern states to flee to the free northern states or Canada before slavery was abolished after the American Civil War. It is assessed that about 100,000 slaves were able to get out of slavery with the help of the railroad in the period from 1810 to 1850 (Wikipedia). The main reason for the existence of the Underground Railroad was the wide spread of the Abolitionist ideas that called for the elimination of slavery as a social and economic phenomenon. Brave idealists who chose to participate in the undertaking were ready to defy the laws of their states in order to accomplish what they thought to be the right thing. Although many abolitionists chose to defy the laws to free slaves, the lawmakers deemed it appropriate to pacify the South by toughening the laws against runaways. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 allowed slave hunters to enter northern in search of runaway slaves and capture slaves who had run away from their southern masters. After the passage of the law, runaway slaves could no longer settle down in northern states. Thus, outbursts of intolerance for another’s position by far exceeded conformity attempts in the America of the 1840s-1850s. American people had too serious an issue to confront to be able to conform: they had to decide on the future of their nation, selecting between a nation of slave-owners, a democracy akin to that of Ancient Greece where rule of people referred to everybody but the slaves and that of freedom and equal opportunities for all. The refusal to accede to the views of the other side finally led to the secession of the southern states from the Union. Bibliography Garraty, John A. Mark C. Carnes. The American Nation: A History of The United States. Prentice Hall, 2002. MSN Encarta. Civil War, American. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567354_3/Civil_War.html (July 10, 2005) Wikipedia. Underground Railroad. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad (July 10, 2005) How to cite US history, Essay examples Us history Free Essays We take nothing by conquest, Thank god. Zinn uses this statement to present how atrocious the conquest really was since there was a conquest. America wanted to hide it’s evil ways behind the facade of saying that America acquire land always through peaceful purchases. We will write a custom essay sample on Us history or any similar topic only for you Order Now The war was very unpopular to many. Polk said that the war was to gain California and also said that Mexicans invaded first. On this chapter Zinn focuses on the Mexican American war and how it really was a conquest caused by Polk. In 1821, Mexico won it’s independence in a revolutionary war against Spain. Mexico was a large country which included Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and part of Colorado. In 183 Texas broke of from Mexico and declared itself † The lone star republic† and in 1845 the U. S Congress brought it into the union as a state. Later in spring of 1846, all that was needed was a military incident to begin the war Polk wanted. It happened after General Taylor’s quartermaster, Colonel Cross isappeared. His body was found eleven days later. It was assumed that the Mexicans had killed him. A lot of the Anti-Slavery congressmen voted against all war measures. Seeing the mexican campaign as a means of extending the southern. Slave territory Joshua Giddings explains his vote against supplying men and arms for the war. To Howard Zinn looks like Polk was the only one that wanted California to be part of his nation. The war barely begun in the summer of 1846, when a writer who lived in Washington refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax. Denouncing the mexican war. He was put into Jail and spent the night there. Zinn argues that the president Polk pushed for the war because he wanted to expand. He wanted to go as southwest as possible. He thought the United States needed to be larger. Polk wanted California for America before anyone else could get it. It was not right for him to move his troops into an area that was already claimed by Mexicans. The war was not popular and the soldiers wanted to go home. Like Zinn said † I don’t think it was right to Just take land from Mexico Just because the president wants it. I think thats ot fair. Polk’s leadership as president ofa nation that was quickly expanding not care for the mexican people already living there. Zinn gives a quote from the diary of Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, who opposed measures taken by General Taylor to annex Texas. Hitchcock explains, â€Å"He seems to have lost all respect for Mexican rights and is willing to be an instrument of Mr. Polk for pushing our boundary as far west as possible,† (A people’s history of the United States page 150). The feelings for this burst of expansion were varied; some believed it unnecessary to ifferent degrees and opposed or refuse to go into war with Mexico Just to take their land , while others strongly favored the extra land. In fact, a new attitude was developed during this time, the one of â€Å"manifest destiny’Americans technically went into conquest because Cross was found dead eleven days after he disappeared and Mexicans were responsible for it. They didn’t know who killed it so they actually went into conquest because Polk was already planning on taking California from Mexico. Americans assumed the war begin by the mexicans after killing Cross. No one wanted to go to war with anyone. The American people were not excited or impatient for this. In conclusion a part of me was shocked while another part of me knew that these actions were not uncommon. While it is hard for me to determine what the United States’ goal is right now (perhaps stability) it’s easy to see what kind of mindset these powerful leaders back then had. It was all about the idea that Americans were entitled to the land they set their eyes on. knowing that the united states of America used to be so grossly land-obsessed. Then again, who knows what our country is obsessed with today; it could be land once again. How to cite Us history, Papers

Critical Thinking and Reflective Practice

Questions: 1.Describe the differences between critical thiking ,creative thinking and problem solving fromm a nursing perspective?2.Identify and apply the characteristics of problem solving to the steps of the nursing process and developlment of nursing caree plans? Answers: Critical Thinking and Reflective Practice 1. Critical thinking is both an intellectual ability and skill that enables one to identify a challenge and have reasonable reflective thinking based on evidence that answers the questions that may arise from a particular problem in the effort to find a solution (LeMone, et al. 2011). Critical thinking also involves identification of multiple alternative solutions, their applicability and effectiveness and communication with other parties about the solution implementation as well as how to optimize the outcomes. Critical thinking helps in understanding and implementing a well-judged solution for a given problem considerate of all determinant aspects (Potter et al. 2015). On the other hand, creative thinking is the approach to a problem from a new perspective that is not determined by the conventional approach to providing unorthodox solutions that may be equally effective or better than the broadly advocated for approaches. Creative thinking may be out of the integration of prior kno wledge from various fields in which a relationship is established to enhance the effectiveness of the resultant solution (Standing, 2017). Both critical thinking and creative thinking in nursing are aimed at problem-solving which is the mental process of discovering, analyzing and resolving a problem by strategically overcoming the obstacles presented by the issues of the particular challenge (Marriner, 2012). They are both essential in the development of new evidence with a balanced view of the implications of the implementation of the envisioned solutions. Creative thinking instigates research, evidence-based theory and evidence-based practice (LeMone, et al. 2011). 2. The problem-solving approach to nursing is a step-by-step scientifically informed the process of identifying a problem, planning and implementing solutions as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented interventions (LeMone, et al. 2011). Effective problem solving requires that the problem causes are identified, solutions and their alternatives established as well as their possible implications to enable informed the choice of the most suitable In my nursing practice, I came across an isolated case of a 27-year-old diabetic patient with a genetic hematological condition, hemophilia. However, besides these chronic conditions, he was hospitalized due to a deep wound he accidentally sustained on his thigh while he was clearing a bush near his home using a machete. He presented in the hospital with a blood pressure of 89/62 mmHg, a body temperature of 37.80C, a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute and a pulse rate of 105 beats per minute. The patient had a capillary refill of more than 3 seconds, and his palms were pale. Upon further inquiry on his heritage and cultural background, the patient had a Cushitic descent in which no female should see a males nakedness (defined as from the thigh) if not married to the man. Furthermore, his cultural background advocated for intake of raw meat. Evidently, the problem-solving approach was required to come up with the solutions to the presented problems. Using prior clinical knowledge, it was notable from the presenting vital signs and the presenting signs and symptoms that the patient had a problem. Besides the chronic diseases, the presumptive diagnosis at the moment was hypotension, bacterial infection, and hypovolemia. According to Potter et al. (2015), the nursing process problem-solving process requires that subjective and objective data is collected to help formulate a nursing diagnosis after which the goals will be set. The presenting problem should be associated with a particular cause. This helps develop the best solutions that can adequately address the specific concerns. Also, the identification of the causes helps in the determination of the likely consequences that can be associated with the implementation of individual interventions as well as the ways to mitigate them. In the nursing profession, all patients a re treated as unique entities despite the similar presentation of their conditions (LeMone, et al. 2015). Using the assessment data, the nursing diagnoses developed were hyperthermia related to a presumptive bacterial infection as evidenced by a temperature of 37.80C. The second diagnosis established was impaired skin integrity related to a sustained injury as evidenced by bleeding and open wound. The third diagnosis was a risk for unstable blood glucose level associated with the diabetic condition. The fourth diagnosis was deficient fluid volume related to excessive bleeding as evidenced by relatively low blood pressure (hypotension). Some of the identified outcomes were that at the end of the implementation of the established interventions, the patient should be able to demonstrate normalcy such that the blood pressure should be within the normal ranges of 90-140mmHg systolic pressure and 60-90 mmHg diastolic pressure. The blood glucose level should be maintained within the normal ranges of 4.4-7.8 mmol, a temperature of between 34.5-37.50C as well as improved skin integrity free of in fection. To achieve these objectives, the most appropriate interventions included administration antibiotic empiric therapy to prevent progression of bacterial infection, analgesics and antipyretic, to reduce pain and fever respectively. Equally, administration of intravenous fluids was initiated, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, as well as health education concerning diet, gave his chronic diseases and lifestyle changes (Howatson-Jones et al. 2015). Thus, the nursing care plan was formulated in such a way that it was considerate of the gender and the cultural background of the patient. The dressing of the wound was a reserve of the male nurses within the hospital since this was to demonstrate recognition of cultural diversity and thus to offer cultural sensitive care services. It is rare for patients to present with both diabetes and chronic hemophilia diseases. For this reason, the health education provided was based on the uniqueness of the patient. He is at risk of developing chronic wounds due to a diabetic condition and bleeding, and thus he is supposed to avoid risk for injury activities (LeMone, et al. 2015). References Howatson-Jones, L., Standing, M., Roberts, S. B. (2015).Patient Assessment and Care Planning in Nursing. London: SAGE Publications. LeMone, P., Burke, K. M., Bauldoff, G. (2011).Medical-surgical nursing: Critical thinking in patient care. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. LeMone, P., Burke, K. M., Bauldoff, G., Gubrud-Howe, P. M. (2015).Medical-surgical nursing: Clinical reasoning in patient care. Boston: Pearson. Marriner T. A. (2012).Guide to nursing management and leadership. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., Hall, A. (2015).Essentials for nursing practice. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. Standing, M. (2017).Clinical Judgement and Decision Making in Nursing. New York: Learning Matters.

Performance Factors Business Organizations-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Performance Factors In Business Organizations? Answer: Introduction The global market is highly competitive and there are performance factors, which organizations use to measure their success(Daley, 2012). Different industries have different goals therefore require varied measures of performance. However, there are common factors that contemporary organizations should invest in today. The global environment is highly competitive and brands keep inventing and reinventing themselves in order to survive. These are important tools for measuring performance in different operations. Among the most important functions are customer service, marketing, financial and human resource. The agenda for the implementation of these factors depends on the organizations goals, objectives and criteria for success(Braun, et al., 2013). An organization may have measures for specific departments or a centralized approach to defining performance. The success of the plan depends on the implementation of the strategies. This review of literature discusses four aspects of perf ormance that are necessary for organizational performance in a global organization. The survival of modern organizations depends on an integrated approach because there is no alternatives to these elements(Callister Rethwisch, 2012). This review discusses technology, sustainability, employees and customers as crucial measures for continuous improvement in organizations. It looks at the pros and cons in order to suggest an integrated approach. Technology as a performance measure Wang Jian (2012) examine leadership and competence in organizations to point out the role of technology in knowledge sharing. Leadership styles in organizations today cannot survive without technology. From the articles point of view, innovation is important in all areas of business management. The research terms the current global market as te surbodinates. Its analysis indicates that leaders need to instil innovative approaches to their employees in order for the organization to excel in its goals. The artcicle uses the example of service innovation to explain the role of knowledge sharing in personnel development. Most researchers suport the use of technological innovation in the improvement of service and product development processes(Bocken, et al., 2014). Technology has a wide array of applications for workplace, supply chain and customer functions. This artcles focus is on on workplace and interorganizational perfomance. From the findings, knowledge sharing, network competenci es and organizational relationships interconnect to define innovation performance in the service industry. the article conclusively states that the organization needs quality structures and network capcity for high tech performance. This model is good for businesses and knowledge sharing sytems such as the online entreprises which depend on the internet for various functions. The articles discussion mentions the role of leadership in leading the improvement process. Research into the concept of innovation and leadership points at organizational strategy as the news strategies through leadership(Davila, et al., 2012). Online technology connects the organizations to the global markets. Leaders in the organization have a responsibility of developing competent network systems that positions the organization for suces. Perfomance measured through competence includes technology skills such as email communication, microsoft office, database management and digital applications. The article refer to interorganizational collaborations using technology support systems. Cloud computing is one of the common shared technology platforms for global organizations. Creating a competitve edge is about adding strategic importance to the processes such as value chain and customer care among others. The article stresses the importance of leaders developing these technology com petencies. Proponents of Key perfomance Indicators ( KPIs) agree(Parameter, 2015). Leaders in all sectors know how to manipulate technology tools and software applications for excellence because it provides artifical intelligence. In the article, competencies help organizations to excell. It encourages personal innovation as well as knowledge transfer. Effective performance techniques should not focus on the organizational alone but a holistic approach(Callister Rethwisch, 2012). The article acknowledges the challenge of knowledge sharing through technology. Its limiting factors discourages the development of inter-organizational network systems. Among the issues of concern is security and privacy violations, which places organizational data at risk of manipulation(FTC, 2017). Business organizations face the risk of data breach when unauthorized persons get access to confidential links. This is not good for a brand whose image is respectable(Rizkallah, 2017). Performance is about shaping the brand through reputation. This poses a challenge when technology becomes a negative influence rather than a plus. The exposure of strategic ideas to competitors nullifies the essence of performance. The information could compromise the strategic plan of the organization. This article ignores the challenge presented by lack of, limited access to technology as well as constant maintenance(Bharadwaj, et al., 2013). Digital business initiatives have a challenge of elaborating the technology strategy according to the organizational needs. Using concepts and applications from a customer care system in a supply chain could result in chaos. Capturing the organizational objectives in each unit helps to narrow down the implementation with specific tools and devices. The article also fails to mention lack of transparency in knowledge sharing for stakeholders in the same industry. Sustainability as a performance tool Andrea, S., 2012. The sustainable firm. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(21), pp. 34-47 Andrea (2012) presents a theoretical dicourse on sustainability as a strategy for business practice. In the article, he emphasises the interdependency that exists in the business processes. He brings out the role of external and internal stakeholders. The article starts by reinforcing the importance of sustainability and sustainable development as signficant in busines management. In the discussion, sustainability is multidimensional and it comprises of green practices, employee welfare as well as community activities. In the article, perfomance uses sustanability to gauge the impact of its processes or projects. Further studies into the phenomenon agree that the concept has social and economic benefits (Elliot, 2011: Orlitzky, et al., 2011). Although the research points out that sustainability has financial returns, most organizations undertake it voluntarily. The article points out that this is due to its limited presence in managerial studies. In disagreement to this notion, Willa rd (2012) gives examples of how modern organizations are embracing sustainability for risk management in inventory and value chains. Branding experts agree that the concept is more than the social and environmental aspects because it gives brands value and a future(Chu Arun, 2012). Its appication varies in research, manufacturing, greeen energy, health care and branding. Bocken, et al.( 2014) supports eco-friendly CSR practices including corporate innovation. Most businesses ignore the incorporation of sustainability in innovation. Technology is one of the techniques which require energy saving tactics. In the article, business activities exhaust resources through wastage, pollution and gas emissions. The suggestion in the discussion is that business management startegies which target sustainability should focus on an integrated approach. Giving the example of greener production, it points to the implication of ignoring sustainailtity. Unlike other perfromance metrics, it has a macroeconomic impact. In the study, there is concern across the globe on sustainable management practices featuring in policies and practices. Research shows that the concept continues to evolve into a value concept that influences stakeholders and financial turnover(Hearly Palepu, 2012). Business analysis shows the adoption of sustainability in the supply chains for value ch ain. This tranformation of operational concepts has created a corporate culture that allocates funds and startegies to it. As a perfomance measure, it supports quality development of brands through effcient approaches to operational management. Unfortunately, the article does not discuss the limitation of sustainability as indicated by Ashby, et al (2012). Sustainability also faces future challenges of remaininig relevant to energy production which is on the increase(Sandler, 2011). Andrea (2012) agrees that sustainability lacks a clear definintion because of this wide perspective. Howevever, he reiterates that the agenda behind sustainability is in environmental protection and social good. Its focus on environmental concerns explains the global adoption of ecofriendly activities in business activities. One of this is the use of Public Relations tactics under the CSR umbrella. However, sustainability as a perfomance element affects industries in energy, technology, waste management, recycling, economics, renewble energy, agriculture and production among others(Reichardt Rogge, 2016). This calls for a synthesis of different approaches for success. The article includes a clear definition of the process of developing an effective strategy for sustainability. This includes the design of a plan and definition of boundaries for the instruments or tools of measure. This approach gives an indepth analysis that broadens the application of sustainability in empirical res earch and practice. This identification prioriticizes the concept to help organizations to have a plan for performance using sustainability in customer segment, suppliers, community and industry stakeholders(Rogers, et al., 2012). This brings out another discusion of criteria and cost factors in sustainable management. Employees as performance measure Alfes, K., Trus, C., Soane, E. C. R. C. Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, percieved HRM practicecs and individual perfomance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human Resource Management, 52(6), pp. 839-59. This article explains the role of individuals in performance management. From the analysis, the relationship between managers and employees leads to performance. Each has a role to play within the allocated tasks. In a study involving 1796 participants within the service sector in the UK, the article unfolds why employee involvement is critical(Alfes, et al., 2013). In organizational performance, the study of Human Resource has continued to evolve over time. With new ideas, Strategic Human Resource Management was born. The realization that an employee is a significant stakeholder in an organization enables employers to handle each employee individually(Avey, et al., 2011). Investment in motivation and talent management continues to transform global organizations. The article uses social exchange theory to explain the human behavioral factors that influence performance. The theory encourages the use of psychological as well as social factors to understand performance. The article poin ts out that tools used in HRM such as appraisals should have a human face. Other researchers agree that this rationalism guides the development of functional structures for strategic performance. This is the practice and theoretical model used in global organizations whose perspective is in cross-cultural regions. The findings of the research explain organizational relationships using structural equation model ( SEM).As a recipe for performance it defines the alignment of employees in their task areas according to competencies and talent. Researchers who support this notion state that this approach encourages the use of human intelligence and skills in the organization(Toplak, et al., 2011). The article finds that people are individuals first before they form a team. Therefore, managers need to form teams according to the capacities in an organization. An effective HRM approach does not exclude some employees based on their inadequate abilities. The discussion emphasizes the importance of complementing weaknesses through training and employee interaction(Moynian, et al., 2011). An organization, which strategically positions itself using key performance indicators, needs to balance leadership as well as the subordinates. An effective ranking system provides motivation to the employee who works hard for the performance. Human Resource Management practices support the use of various motivational factors in behavioral management(Meng, 2012). Among this is the use of monetary and non-monetary rewards. Professionals feel attracted to organizations that have good management practices and opportunities for growth. The research focuses on the service sector; it leaves out other industries where technology is intensive. Some researchers would therefore argue that having an approach that looks at all industries is beneficial(Wilson, et al., 2012). Although relationships and structures are significant in performance, modern HRM practices encompass culture and diversity management. Cross border, workers are searching for more than simple rewards. The need for security, social acceptance and health benefits is wide(Bratton Jeff, 2012). Performance management needs to look at all these elements including the role of online recruitment and communications. Research proves that employees perform better in areas with advanced technology(Schechner, 2013). However training employees equips them with the necessary skills for the technology. The article does not discuss the improvement of skills to fill in the deficits. Professionals in customer care require modern training to handle smartphone devices, web chats among others. Managers in leadership posts also need orientation on effective video conferencing. The improvement of their competencies adds value to their experience for better jobs and performance levels as Alfes, et al (2013) notes. Proper structures for training and employee recruitment needs to include these as a performance measure. Customers as Performance factors Sperdin, B., Plank, A. Grissemann, U., 2013. Enhancing business perfomance of hotels: The role of innovation and customer orientation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 33, p. 347-356 Sperdin, et al ( 2013) presents a discussion on customer satisfaction and how this stimulates innovation within the organization. The center of the researrch is on business perfomance in the hospitality industry. Besides investing in technology, organizations should influence organizational behavior for customer satisafction. From the article, focusing on the consumer has monetary and non monetary benefits. Acknowledging the globalization and technology impact on consumer trends, the study suggests the redefinition of performance with customer needs such as quality and costs. Traditional research did not place the customer as a major astakehoder in the supply chain but contemorary researcher do(Yu, et al., 2013). The article support customer orientation theory as a factor that influences competitiveness in the industry. However, some theorists would argue that this approach is not reliable because customer perception does not always lead to positioning(De Mooij, 2013). The article ad vocates for global approaches to customer trends in the hospitality industry. It also points at the use of innovation for market research on the consumer. Customers determine the value of a brand by what it offers. Some researcher suggest the use of customer experience and experential marketing(Andrews, et al., 2012). From the findings customers have values and believes which influence behavioral choices. If the customer is a measure of perfomance, capturing the trend is important. Some brands measure perfromance of a product or service by consumer reaction online(Choi Varian, 2012). Contemporary analysists point out that websites, social media and news reactions provide statistics for organizations to hear from the consumer. The article defines the consumer attitude using psychosocial theories that support customer-contact staff. This means the employee may have an impact on consumer choices or vice versa. Sales departments use this appraoch for target marketing(Luo Shiau, 2012). The article explains the importance of creativity in inlfuencing customer choices. The use of incentives in sales and promotions is also a bonus. This explains why price promotions are common in the advertising world today(Andrews, et al., 2012). Although the focus on the hospitality industry supports the service industry, the customer is also a significant player in the product segment. Manufacturers reinvent products in order to meet this need(Ageron, et al., 2012). In the tourism industry, customer co-creation of services such as medical tourism in India has redefined the industry(Grissemann Stokburger-Sauer, 2012). The article calls for more research into the customer factor of performance in the industry in order to support this new framework. The limitation in research for the industry also fails to explain the two conceptual frameworks in the article. These are innovation and customer orientation and business performance and innovation. Most of the research highlighted in the discussion is on customer orientation but scanty data on the business performance influence. As a result, the article leaves out research gaps for inquiry on global effects such as insecurity on the customer needs. The hospitality industry is one of the most adversely affected with terrorism and global insecurity. The article could have used this and sustainability issues in support of its performance notions of measuring performance in hospitality(Kang, et al., 2012). In conclusion, competent organizations integrate different approaches in an effort to measure performance. The use of technology encourages innovation and new ideas. It also facilitates for improved processes. Wang Jian (2012) discuss this from a leadership perspective. However, this theoretical approach does not have a social aspect to it therefore; it fails in addressing human factors. It leaves out the employee who is an integral part of an organization and the consumer who determines the trend in the industry. Performance measure using sustainability has become a popular notion. Global organizations connect through one agenda of environmental protection. According to Andrea (2012) the CSR practice has economic and social benefits. However, the article agrees that the definition of sustainability and sustainable development appears vague hence reducing its strenth as a perfomanc measure. The other performance metrices focus on people factors. The consumer as a determinant of perf omance makes choices that influence decisions. Sperdin, et al (2013) explains this usnig the example of the hospitality industry. Although the discussion is not conclusive, it shades some light about the performanc approach in the service industry. Finally, some researchers feel that the employee is the most important measure for successful business managament(Alfes, et al., 2013). It is therefore evident that all these factors are important in one way or the other. Therefore an integrated approach could be the solution because it caters for all the missing gaps in the other metrices. The performance concept is complex and it different business organizations customize their perfromance measures according to their specific needs. 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Viewpoint in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings By Linda J Flashcard

Viewpoint in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: By Linda J

Artistotle Essays - Social Philosophy, Ancient Greek Philosophers

Artistotle Essays - Social Philosophy, Ancient Greek Philosophers Artistotle Janet Jones Code of Ethics Research Paper Class number 409 Frank Sams Aristotle was a great thinker who used his reasoning ability and knowledge through others to draw ethical assumptions and principles. Aristotle was once in favor of the teachings of Plato until he began to question his philosophy. These ideas lead Aristotle to years of writing and teaching his work. Aristotle was a professor for twenty years at an academy called Lyceum. Lyceum is where Aristotle began to pursue a broader range of subjects. He believed that a man could not claim to know a subject unless he is capable of transmitting his knowledge with others. Simply, teaching for Aristotle was as a manifestation of knowledge. By the end of the 19th century scholars at the academy questioned his works. This genus was alive during a period of havoc and corruption but he did not allow the ethics of man to stop his hunger for knowledge. I will attempt to explain in detail some of the ethics that Aristotle established. Evidence has proved that Aristotle influenced all areas of logic from art, ethics, and metaphysics just to name a few. Art is defined by Aristotle as the realization in external form of a true idea, and is the pleasure, which we feel in recognizing likenesses. Art however is not limited to mere copying. It idealizes nature and completes its deficiencies: it seeks to grasp the universal type in the individual phenomenon. The distinction between poetic art and history is not that the one uses meter, and the other does not. The distinction is that while history is limited to what has actually happened, poetry depicts things in their universal character. Therefore, poetry is more theoretical and more elevated than history. Such imitation may represent people either as better or as worse than people usually are, or it may neither go beyond nor fall below the average standard. Comedy is the imitation of the worse examples of humanity. However, not in the sense of absolute badness, but only in so far as what is low and ignoble enters into what is laughable and comic. Tragedy, on the other hand, is the representation of a serious or meaningful, reaching action. Portraying events, which excite fear and pity in the mind of the observer to purify these feelings to extend and regulate their sympathy until it fits. It is thus a homeopathic curing of the passions. Insofar as art, in general universalizes particular events, tragedy, in depicting passionate and critical situations, takes the observer outside the selfish and individual standpoint, and views them in connection with the general lot of human beings. This is similar to Aristotle's explanation of the use of orgiastic music in the worship of Bacchas and other deities: it affords an outlet for religious fervor and thus steadies one's religious sentiments. Religion can define an individuals moral principle. Aristotle viewed ethics as an attempt to find out our chief end or highest good: an end, which he maintains, is really final. Through of life are many ends that furthers, our aspirations and desires must have some final object or pursuit. A chief end is universally called happiness. But people mean such different things by the expression that I feel necessary to discuss happiness. For starters, happiness must be based on human nature, and must begin from the facts of personal experience. Thus, happiness cannot be found in any abstract or ideal notion, like Plato's self-existing good. It must be something practical and human. It must then be found in the work and life that is unique to humans. Nevertheless, this is neither the vegetative life we share with plants nor the sensitive existence that we share with animals. True happiness lies in the active life of a rational being or in a perfect realization and outworking of the true soul and self, continued throughout a lifetime. Aristotle expands his notion of happiness through an analysis of the human soul that structures and animates a living human organism. The human soul has an irrational element, which is shared with the animals, and a rational element that is distinctly human. The most primitive irrational element is the vegetative faculty, which is responsible for nutrition and